英语阅读理解容易出错的古诗

英语阅读理解的解题技巧

英语阅读理解的解题技巧

　　阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点，自始至终占着主导地位，并且有逐年增加的趋势。那么英语阅读理解有什么解题技巧?下面是小编整理的英语阅读理解的解题技巧的相关内容，欢迎浏览。

　　历年高考试题阅读理解命题特点和规律【1】

　　1.语篇选材多为时文，题材多样化，信息丰富

　　选材多源于英文报刊和网络媒体，包括名人轶事、历史传说、民间故事、寓言、幽默小品、日常生活、新闻报道、社会背景、政治经济、史地常识、科普文章等各个方面的知识，并且具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点和浓厚的时代气息。

　　阅读材料可以是叙述、描写、应用、说明、议论等文体皆备。

　　2.语篇的字数明显增加，对学生的阅读速度要求高

　　阅读理解的词汇量保持在3500个左右，读速大约每分钟60-70个单词。

　　也就是说高考中的每篇文章要在6-8分钟完成。

　　3.增加了生词量，提高了猜词能力

　　高考的文章大约有3%左右的生词，须根据上下文或整篇文章才能做出推断。

　　同时也检测考生利用构词法知识猜测词义的能力。

　　4.试题设计精巧，干扰项编制水*高

　　阅读理解的能力要求，主要是通过短文后面的多项选择题进行检测的。

　　总体说来，其能力 要求主要包括如下几方面：

　　1.读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节(包括根据上下文推断生词的词义);

　　2.既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念;

　　3.既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等;

　　4.既理解某句，某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断;

　　5.既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。

　　阅读理解归纳为以下四大题型分析【2】

　　Ⅰ.事实细节题

　　属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节，题型可以多种多样。

　　此类题型一般分两种。

　　第一种是直接理解题，在原文中可以直接找到答案。

　　第二种是词义转换题，正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。

　　做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。

　　这类题型的主要提问方式常为：

　　①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?

　　②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?

　　③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

　　④All the following statements are NOT true except .

　　细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。

　　对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。

　　此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。

　　寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。

　　做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。

　　英语中有许多功能词，如：表因果关系的because, since, as等;表转折关系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。

　　Ⅱ.猜测词义题

　　在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导;二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。

　　其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。

　　在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手：

　　1)根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义

　　在be，be called，call等判断词出现的判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含义。

　　例如： The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。

　　2)根据对比关系猜测生词的词义

　　在but，however，yet，otherwise，though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。

　　例如： Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”

　　3)通过因果关系猜测词义

　　because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词，so...that与such...that中的that是连接结果状语从句的。

　　当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。

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英语阅读理解课件

英语阅读理解课件

　　阅读理解是中考高考的一个必考题型，下面小编给大家收集了初中和高中的`关于英语阅读理解的课件，大家可以阅读学*一下哦!

　　【高中英语阅读理解课件】

　　https://www.renrendoc.com/paper/118525905.html

　　拓展

　　英语阅读理解*题

　　篇一：英语阅读理解练*（附答案）

　　阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　What would it be like to take a walk on the surface of Mars? If you could design the tallest building in the world, what would it look like? Do you dream of being the next J.K.Rowling? This summer, you can experience all of these things, and more. All you need is an Internet connection and your imagination.

　　A recent study by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that kids spend an average of 1 hour and 29 minutes online each day. Many kids like to use that time to chat with friends, play games or check e-mails. But next time you get on the Web, try exploring the world instead. “With the Internet, you can go back 11,000 years in time, or go 11,000 kilometers across the planet,” said Russell, Web search expert of Google. “The whole scope of history and the world is open to you.”

　　There is a wealth of information to be found online. For example, if your family is going on vacation somewhere, do a quick online search on the area before you even get in the car. “What’s the background of the place; what’s the history?” says Russell. “I like to tell my kids, ‘Whenever you have a question, whenever you have a doubt, search it out.’”

　　Ready to launch a virtual journey of your own? Here are a few starting points to get you think ing and to help you on your way. You can invite your parents along for the ride, too. Always ask for permission before downloading programs and software into your com*r. And, check with a parent or * before visiting any new website.

　　Navigate the world in 3-D with Google Earth. Begin in outer space and zoom into the streets of any city, from Hong Kong to San Francisco. Or, visit ancient monuments and watch the changing rainforests over time. With the moon in Google Earth tool, you can walk in Neil Armstrong’s famous footsteps. Take a guided tour of the moon’s surface with Armstron g’s fellow shuttle mate astronaut Buzz Aldrin.

　　1. According to Russell, the kids _________.

　　A. spend too much time on the Internetx_k_b_1

　　B. should never chat and play games online

　　C. can solve their problems through the Internet

　　D. should study hard instead of chatting online

　　2. From the passage we know that _________.

　　A. we can find much information we need online

　　B. Neil Ar mstrong traveled to the moon alone

　　C. the kids can download programs onto the com*r freely

　　D. the kids can visit the new website freely without parents’ guidance

　　3. According to the passage, if you want to go to Tropical Rainforests, you can _________.

　　A. take the time shuttle   B. go to the cinema to watch 3-D films

　　C. find a travel agency in Google  D. use Google Earth

　　4. The passage is mainly intended for _________.

　　A. parents  B. kids  C. teachers  D. *s

　　5. In which section of a website can we probably read this passage?

　　A. Culture.  B. Health. C. Internet World. D. Tourism.

　　【参考答案】1—5、CADBC

　　篇二：阅读理解

　　A

　　Papa’s jaw dropped when Mama told him that Sister had cheated on her final exams—not to succeed but to fail. “It’s unbelievable!” he said. “Sister has always been so proud of her good grades!”

　　“Yes, she has,” said Mama. “But it’s not unbelievable. It just shows how badly she wanted off the swimming team.”

　　“Wanted off the swimming team?” said Papa. “She never said anything about that to me.”

　　“Of course she didn’t,” said Mama. “She was afraid you’d blow your top. You already had her getting a swimming scholarship to college and winning gold medals at the Olympics. Can you imagine how much pressure she must have felt? For her, being on the team couldn’t have been much fun.”

　　“Oh, my gosh!” Papa said, clapping a hand to his forehead. “I’ve been so stupid! I just thought she’d want to be a champion swimmer because she’s so good at it.”

　　“It’s like anything else, dear,” said Mama. “No matter how good at it you are, if it stops being fun, you won’t want to do it anymore.”

　　Papa put his head in his hands.

　　“She must be really mad at me,” he mumbled. “Maybe I should say sorry to her.”

　　Sister’s footsteps could be heard on the stairs. She came into the kitchen and looked hopefully up at her parents.

　　“Honey,” said Mama with a smile, “your papa and I have decided that there’s no reason for you to be on the swimming team if you don’t want to.”

　　Sister’s face lit up like a Christmas tree. “Yippee!” she cried.

　　“And,” added Papa, “there’s no need for any more drills. I’m sure you’ll bring your grades back up all by yourself.”

　　Sister ran to Papa and jumped into his arms. She gave him a big hug. “I’m going to go p lay cards with Lizzy!” she said. “See you later!”[

　　From the kitchen window, Mama and Papa watched their daughter run down the sunny road toward Lizzy’s house.

　　“It’s good to see her happy again,” said Mama.

　　“It sure is,” Papa agreed. “As for the swimming team, there’s always next year.”

　　“If?” Mama prompted him.

　　“Oh, right,” said Papa. “If she wants to.”

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英语阅读理解

英语阅读理解（通用20篇）

　　作为一项综合技能测试，“英语知识运用”首先检验的是阅读能力。它也可以说是阅读理解的一个变体，所以解题的首要步骤是将短文的大意理解清楚，提高阅读理解能力。下面是小编带来的英语阅读理解，希望对你有帮助。

　　根据教育部制定的英语课程标准，初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解是综合语言运用能力的一个重要方面，在中考中所占比重越来越大，这是拉开档次的题目。

　　阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下：

　　1、能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；

　　2、能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；

　　3、能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；

　　4、能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；

　　5、能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；

　　6、除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上(上海的要求更高一些，30万词以上)所谓阅读能力是指视读能力、理解能力和对所读材料的评价能力。

　　阅读理解考查的项目大多是根据这三种能力的要求设计的。为了提高阅读理解能力，同学们在做阅读理解时，就要在以下几个方面下功夫：

　　(一)要注意养成良好的阅读心理阅读时要去掉杂念，心绪要安定，精神要专一，要形成一种惬意的顺向心理。造成大脑皮层的优势兴奋中心。切不可一遇到几个生词难句，就心烦意乱，失去自控能力。心理学家告诉我们，任何恐慌，过分紧张的情绪都会形成一种消极因素妨碍大脑的正常思维功能。因此，遇到困难一定要从容不迫，心无旁骛。这样才能对所读的文章印象清晰，理解深刻。

　　做英语阅读理解的技巧如下：

　　一、阅读积累，厚积薄发

　　阅读能力和理解能力是靠大量的阅读来训练和培养的。阅读技巧和方法是在阅读过程中形成的。

　　1、阅读积累

　　要提高阅读水*，词汇量与短语量非常重要。所以要提高阅读水*，我们就得学会积累词语。我们不妨这么做：在通读全文后看第二遍，遇到生词尽可能根据上下文来猜，仍猜不出意思的，就查词典，然后将这些词抄写在一本可随身携带的小本子上。每当有空时，就拿出这个小本子来背诵记忆。这样做不但不费时，而且效果也很好。因为不时地接触、反复地记忆，词汇量会增加得很快。

　　2、大量阅读

　　选一些你感兴趣，且不需要经常查词典也能看懂的英语书;订一份英语报纸，既让你获取里面时尚的阅读信息，又让你体验到英语给你带来的快乐;看一些开阔视野、提高知识水*的英语电视节目等。

　　3、整体阅读

　　我们常碰到这样的情况：句子都能看懂，但读完文章印象却不深，这就牵涉到对文章框架结构的整体理解。首先，要重视文章的标题和文章的首句，因为文章的标题或首句就是文章的主题，文章的内容就是围绕主题展开的;其次，文章的结尾句往往是这篇文章的结论或作者写这篇文章的用意所在;再次，善于标注文章关键句，可以帮助你掌握文章的全貌，理解文章的主题。很多题目就是围绕它们而设计的。

　　4、把握要领

　　在做阅读理解时，可遵循三部曲的原则，即：快速阅读短文，通读测试题，明确考察点;认真逐题作答;复查校对答案。

　　做完所有题目后，再读一遍短文，逐一检查所有答案是否有误。如果有拿不定主意的答案,不要随意更改。一定要从原文中找到依据，方可更正。

　　二、遵循要求,完成任务

　　任务型阅读题形式多样，除了常见的阅读简答和阅读填写表格外，翻译句子、转换句子、连续句子(用连词)、选择句子等都是任务型阅读题。常用的技巧有：

　　1.读懂短文，了解大意

　　该技巧主要针对句子翻译题。任务型阅读题中，要求翻译的句子都不是孤立的，理解这些句子往往要根据上下文或全文理解，才能准确理解句意，避免出现表达上的偏差。

　　2.掌握各种语法，应对不同要求

　　该技巧主要针对事态、语态转化以及同义句转换等。掌握一些句子结构(如感叹句等)以及更多的固定句型(如形式主语it句型)对于解决这类题目尤为重要。

　　3.把握句子的关系

　　该技巧主要针对运用连词或相关句式进行句式转换，如简单句变复合句，复合句变简单句等。

　　4.把握文章结构

　　该技巧主要针对将句子还原，将提供的某个或多个句子还原到文章的适当位置，在任务型阅读中很常见。这就要求整体把握文章段落，在上下句的结合处，它们或是需要过渡，或是需要归纳总结，根据需要安排句子。

　　三、提炼语言,填充表格

　　英语阅读填表分为两个部分：文章阅读和表格填空。表格是文章内容条理化、形象化的具体体现，是短文结构、作者思路的具体反映，填写时要做到言简意骇。 具体的方法是：

　　1.先表后文，学会预测

　　“先表后文”即指先读表格，了解表格内容和要求，再根据表格的要求快速阅读短文，这样便使阅读带有较强的目的性和针对性，从而有助于保证所获取的信息的准确性，同时，可以节省一遍阅读时间，提高做题的速度。

　　2.抓住大意，把握细节

　　表格填空题在很大程度上是考察考生对所读材料细节的理解和把握，所以要想做好此题，考生一定要在弄懂大意的同时，充分把握所读材料的细节，尤其是与表格内容直接相关的细节，这是做好此题的关键。

　　3.分类整理，善于归纳

　　在读懂材料的同时，要对所读材料进行整理、分类，从而过滤出自己所需的有用信息，在通常情况下，表格所涉及的内容都具有一定的规律性，可能是同一个问题的几个不同方面，也可能是几个不同问题的同一方面，或是几个不同问题的不同方面，等等。比如涉及几项活动举行的时间、地点、原因、方式等。

　　4.寻找出处，对号入座

　　由于阅读填表题要以所读材料为依据，在通常情况下，每个空格的所填内容一般可从给定材料中找到出处或依据，在做题时要充分利用这一特点，将“空格”与“出处”对号入座，然后根据表格中已有信息的表现形式，准确填出所缺内容。同时，值得注意的是，如果表格所填信息与原文中的“出处”基本相同，则可直接对号入座;如果表格信息与原文中的“出处”有较大出入，则要进行适当的转换。

　　5.注意形式的变化

　　所填表格的词的形式(大小写等)应与表格中所提供的形式要一致。

　　做英语阅读理解的技巧：

　　四、养成*惯，提高效率

　　养成良好的阅读*惯，在阅读时既能节约时间，又能提高答题的准确率。

　　1.*惯视读，避免手指阅读

　　即在阅读时，应该使眼球沿着书行活动，而不是用手指或笔尖之类的`东西，指着正在阅读的内容，一个词一个词地读。

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古诗词中容易理解错误的名人名句

　　床，不是卧榻的意思，而作"井栏"解。

　　《辞海》里明确注释，床是"井上围栏"。李白此诗作于唐开元十五年，古人把"有井水处"称为故乡。诗人置身在秋夜明月下的井边上，举头遥望，顿生思乡之情。　　贫贱夫妻百事哀

　　误解：生活贫贱的夫妻，事事不称心。

　　元稹悼亡诗《遣悲怀》有三首，都为名篇。其一："昔日戏言身后意，今朝都到眼前来。衣裳已施行看尽，针线犹存未忍开。尚想旧情怜婢仆，也曾因梦送钱财。诚知此恨人人有，贫贱夫妻百事哀。" 贫困生活固然有诸多不顺心,然而,从诗中所说到的在日常生活中引起哀思的几件事，可以看出诗人重在叙衷肠而不是说道理。夫妻死别人所不免，但回想当年贫贱相守，而今伊人已逝，真可谓一事一悲凄，百事皆哀感了。

　　朱门酒肉臭

　　杜甫诗"朱门酒肉臭"的"臭"一般人都理解为"腐烂发臭"，其实这个"臭"就是"香"，xiu臭，在古代是发出香味的意思，这两句的含义是：达官贵族的家中酒和肉发出诱人的香气，而路边还有冻死的骨头。

　　横眉冷对千夫指

　　误解：横眉冷对敌人的指责与攻击。

　　鲁迅《自嘲》"运交华盖欲何求，未敢翻身已碰头。破帽遮颜过闹市，漏船载洒泛中流。横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛。躲进小楼成一统，管他冬夏与春秋。" 此诗作于1932年10月。领导人在延安文艺座谈会上就高度评价"横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛"一联，认为"应该成为我们的座右铭"。 1931年2月4日，鲁迅《致李秉中》里说："今幸无事，可释远念。然而三告投杼，贤母生疑。千夫所指，无疾而死。"是说流言猛于虎。而当时鲁迅景况窘迫，"运交华盖""、破帽遮颜"，似乎，"千夫"应该理解为"敌人"。

　　其实这里的"千夫"应该理解为"群众"。《汉书．王嘉传》："里谚曰：‘千人所指，无病而死。’"里的"千人"就是"群众"的意思。另外，从词性方面来说，"千夫指"对"孺子牛"，才能使对联显得工整，这是一首七律,鲁迅应该不会犯这个小错误。横眉怒对那些丧尽天良、千夫所指的人----这是鲁迅一生的真实写照----尤适用于现在的反腐。

　　秦时明月汉时关，万里长征人未还

　　王昌龄的《出塞二首》（其一）被人称为"唐人七绝压卷之作"，首句"秦时明月汉时关"无论时间上还是空间上都极具跳跃性，因此，很多读者未能领会作者独具的匠心。著名的诗评家沈德潜认为"诗中互文"，即词句可翻译为"秦汉时的明月，秦汉时的关隘"，这种解释很有见地，但仅仅停留于词语的表层意思。事实上，"明月"和"关"是描写边塞生活的乐府诗里常见的词语，在这两个词语前加上"秦"、"汉"两个时间性的限定词，顿使诗歌显得新鲜奇妙。这样落笔于千年以前、万里以外，一种雄浑苍茫的意境油然而现；而且"人未还"的"人"所指也不仅仅指当时的人们了，而是指自秦汉以来世世代代的人。

　　江流石不转，遗恨失吞吴

　　杜甫《八阵图》诗的下联"江流石不转，遗恨失吞吴"，出句写八卦石阵与诸葛亮英名不会被江水所淘尽冲走，必将永留人间，一语双关。对句突接"遗恨"，不知是说诸葛亮之憾恨，还是诗人之憾恨，"失吞吴"，不知是指诸葛亮生前没有把吴国吞掉，还是指诸葛亮没有能阻止刘备进攻东吴，打破了联吴抗魏的战略方针。其实按当时的历史状况，"遗恨失吞吴"真正的意思是指的是诸葛亮没有能阻止刘备进攻东吴，以至于打破了联吴抗魏的战略方针。

　　天子呼来不上船，自称臣是酒中仙

　　船，不是船只，而是"衣襟"的意思。杜甫在《饮中八仙歌》中写了当时八位著名的诗人，其中一段专门写李白的醉态。据说，唐玄宗想召见诗仙，李白仍然保持一副很牛气的高人派头。所谓"不上船"，并非不登龙舟，而是敞开衣襟，连扣子都不系。《康熙字典》里明确记载："衣领曰船"，"或言衣襟为船"。

　　红酥手，黄藤酒，满城春色宫墙柳

　　所谓"红酥手"可作红润的手指，还可解释为一种点心。

　　陆游著名的词作《钗头凤》，写给表妹唐婉。词中以"红酥"形容红梅蓓蕾之色，是个令人陶醉的字眼儿。陆游用"红酥"来形容肤色，便寓有爱怜之意。另有一说是点心，"红酥手、黄滕酒"等，都是桌上的饮品糕点。

　　落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色

　　"落霞"，不是云霞的意思，而是指"零散的飞蛾"。

　　要了解这句话的意义，当时当地的风物不可不晓。对此，宋代吴曾说："落霞非云霞之霞，盖南昌秋间有一种飞蛾，若今所在麦蛾是也。当七八月间，皆纷纷堕于江中，不究自所来，江鱼每食之，土人谓之霞，故勃取以配鹜耳。"由此看来，"霞"不是云霞，而是一种飞蛾。另外，"落霞"之"落"并不是"飘落"的意思，"落"在句中与"孤"相对，意思当相同或相*，是"散落、零散"之义。而最*从日本的藏本来看，孤鹜的"鹜"是"雾"，是由于读音相同而被误写的。

　　依据日藏唐本，一些专家认为，名句"落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色"中，可能是"孤雾"而不是"孤鹜"。因为，落霞、秋水、长天等都是自然景观，冒出来动物"孤鹜"一词，不那么对仗。此名句，自北宋《文苑英华》本以来，两宋、明、清，历代官、坊诸本均作"孤鹜"，惟见此日藏唐本作"孤雾"。雾、鹜音*，正伪难分。日藏古本写于唐景龙元年（公元707年）七月，距王勃《滕王阁诗序》面世不足32年，应最接*王勃原著原始面貌。

　　床头屋漏无干处，雨脚如麻未断绝

　　屋漏，不是屋子漏雨，而是一个方位名词——屋西北角。

　　杜甫诗《茅屋为秋风所破歌》："床头屋漏无干处，雨脚如麻未断绝。"其中"屋漏"二字历来被解释为屋子漏雨。"屋漏"其实是一个名词，它是屋内西北角的特定名称。《辞源》修订本"屋漏"条的第一个义项是："房子的西北角。古人设床在屋的北窗旁，因西北角上开有天窗，日光由此照射入室，故称屋漏。"

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英语阅读理解的策略与技巧

英语阅读理解的策略与技巧

　　英语阅读是英语学*重要的一部分，阅读一直贯穿整个学*生涯，因此掌握学*技巧很重要。下面是小编整理的英语阅读理解的策略与技巧，欢迎阅读!

　　一、图式理论与阅读理解

　　图式(schema)一词最早出现在德国哲学家康德(Kant,1781)的著作中。德国现代心理学家巴特利特(F·Burtlett,1923)应用并发展了图式概念。20世纪70年代美国的人工智能专家鲁梅尔哈特Rumelhart指出：图式理论基本上是一种关于人的知识的理论，它是关于知识是怎样被表征出来的，以及关于这种对于知识的表征如何以其特有的方式有利于知识的应用之理论。该理论强调人已经具有的知识及知识结构对当前的认知活动起决定作用。按照图式理论，人脑中所贮存的知识都组成单元，这种单元就是图式。对阅读而言，图式一般分为三种类型：语言图式(linguisticschema)、内容图式(contentschema)和修辞图式(rhetoricalschema)。语言图式指读者已有的语言知识，即关于语音、词汇和语法等方面的知识，它是阅读的前提条件。内容图式指读者对阅读材料所讨论主题(内容范畴)的了解程度。修辞图式指读者对阅读材料文章体裁、篇章结构的熟悉程度。

　　图式理论认为：任何语言信息，无论是口头的，还是书面的，本身都无意义。它只指导听者或读者根据自己的已有知识及知识结构恢复或构成意思。根据该理论，阅读理解首先是文字信息输入，然后读者在自己头脑贮存的信息中寻找能够说明所输入信息的图式。当这些图式被找到以后，读者就产生了理解，否则就不能理解，或不能完全理解。从上文分析可以看出，阅读时，需要Reader和Writer拥有共享的一部分schemata。如图：

　　显然，如果Reader和Writer各自的原有图式没有共享的交集，那么Reader的阅读理解就会失败。另外根据图式理论，读者接受文字信息进行阅读理解的过程是一种主动的“猜测——证实”过程，即文字符号输入人的大脑之后，人就不断地在头脑中寻找有关的图式，直至找到能说明输入信息的图式，即形成阅读理解。

　　现代图式理论还认为，图式是“大脑为了便于信息储存和处理，而将新事物与已有的知识、经历有机组织起来的一种知识表征形式，是互相关联的知识构成的完整的信息系统。”人民对新事物的理解和认识在一定程度上很依赖大脑已经形成的图式。根据图式理论，阅读理解归根结底是结合适合的图式填充新信息而使图式具体化的过程，填充的内容可以是直接连接或推论出的新信息。

　　由以上分析我们可以明确，如果Reader和Writer共享的图式越多，阅读理解就会越多，但是Reader和Writer之间除了拥有共享的图式之外，还是会有大量的图式差异，即他们之间有不同的个性信息，这样就会导致一个结果：阅读者不能完全理解，只能部分理解文章。要完成阅读理解，阅读者只有在原有共享的图式基础上展开联想、猜测，不断激活相关的图式，并经过推理、判断、选择适合Writer意图的图式。在Reader和Writer的图式逐渐同化、具体化的过程中，Reader和Writer之间的信息不断地交流，即“猜测——推理——证实”，相同则被选择、储存，不同的被舍弃，在该过程中“Areaofsharedschema”之交集不断变大，最后完成阅读理解。借助图式理论，我们可以引导、帮助学生培养、完善自己的英语阅读方法和技巧，并逐渐形成有效的图式阅读策略。

　　二、英语阅读的策略

　　(一)整体阅读，预测主旨

　　通过预测文章的主旨，学生能迅速有效地整体理解全文，教学中我们要帮助学生学会运用不同的'策略预测文章主旨。学生可以借助修辞图式来顺利地完成预测主旨的任务，因为一般阅读材料文章体裁、篇章结构都有一定的规律可循。例如有标题文章，学生要学会从标题入手进行预测。新闻报道文章大多有标题，标题又常常是全文的中心、主题，是文章内容的高度浓缩的精华，学生可通过阅读标题得到启发，能准确预测出文章的大概内容和作者的写作意图，为彻底理解全**好铺垫。如果没有标题，读者可快速浏览全文，从整体入手了解内容大概，尤其关注文章首尾句，以便迅速抓住文章主旨，有时文章段落较多内容复杂，学生可跳读每段首句或找到中心句(有一些文章的中心句或主题句在文章的中间)，联系文章的首尾段，也可很快获得文章主旨。如一些记叙文、议论文就可通过该方法快速预测文章主旨。有些文章附有图表，此类文章多半可从说明、标注着手，按以上方法进行预测文意，要处理具体细节时再结合图表。

　　(二)把握文章脉络，掌握主要信息

　　根据图式理论，阅读能力取决于三种图式，即语言图式，内容图式和修辞图式。因此，阅读理解文章就是经过读的行为，主动的“猜测——证实”，来激活、同化、具体自己已有的各类图式。要把握文章脉络，必须做到通过快速通读全文激活自己记忆中适合该文的修辞图式。例如，学生阅读一篇新闻报道，经过对该文的预测——阅读——证实——再预测——再阅读——再证实，学生就可逐渐激活自己大脑中已有的修辞图式，这篇文章符合“线性原则”，结合相关的内容图式，可以明确该文是新闻报道，其脉络是标题——精要——事件过程。再如学生阅读议论性文章，可通过阅读——预测——证实，再阅读——再预测——再证实，很快就能激活他们已知的修辞图式，文章脉络也清晰可见，即提出观点——论证、说明——重申观点，或是提出问题——分析问题——结论，同时也激活、具体了相关的内容图式，获得了证明、说明的主要材料信息，能够大体上理解文章。又如，许多叙述性文章，可一边读一边画出时间、地点、人物、事件、起因(when,where,who,what,why)等要素或做一些必要的简易的笔记，学生很容易就能回忆起已有的某些图式，把握住文章的脉络，并抓住文章的重要信息,即明确事件的起因、发展、高潮、结局，基本能够理解文章的重要内容。较为复杂的文章会有时间、地点变化，学生激活这样的图式，(时间1/事件1)——(时间2/事件2)——(时间3/事件3)，或(地点1/事件1)——(地点2/事件2)——(地点3/事件3)，当然文中的主要内容也就一目了然。如有很多人物传记，脉络是(现在/事件1)——(过去/几件事)——(现在/感受)。学生要想准确把握文章脉络，捕捉住重要信息，关键是*时阅读实践时要不断丰富、储存足够多的相关图式在大脑中。

　　(三)弄清结局、明确结论

　　很多文章结尾非常精彩，目的是为了让阅读者留下深刻的印象，这也是非常重要的修辞图式的一种。如有的文章结尾幽默;有的文章结局发人深思、给人启迪;有的文章令人意外却又在情理中;有的文章得出一些结论，或有一点点感受。总而言之，文章的结尾也很重要，有时起到画龙点睛的作用，弄清结局或结论对于理解全文当然也具有关键性的功效。弄清了文脉(修辞图式)，把握住了主要信息(内容图式)之后，结合细节进行分析、推理、归纳，紧密联系结尾的语句提示，可彻底理解文章的内涵和外延。

　　(四)读懂题意，选择答案

　　做了以上的准备工作，可以开始读题答题。但是无论是哪一个题目，学生选择时必须以确定的主旨为统率。选择前一定确保理解出题的意图。表层的问题可迅速选定，对于那些较深层次的题目，选择一定要有根据，一定要将相关原文找到，并结合上下文语境进行分析、推理，然后再确定。

　　三、阅读时应注意一些小技巧

　　1.学生自己应注意养成良好的阅读*惯，只用眼和脑阅读，整体阅读，整体理解，这样阅读速度将更快。

　　2.要注意猜词、句技巧的培养。阅读时学生常常会遇到一些不解的词、短语，有的可跳过，而对进行整体理解无大碍;有的可根据上下文语境来猜测、推理得知;有的可根据构词法推理，可明确它们的含义。

　　3.学会运用关联词。文章中有些复合句较长且结构复杂，晦涩不易理解，学生可根据关联词、引导词的逻辑关系迅速分清主干和重句，从而明确句意。在段落中或段落之间也有一些关联词，如but,however,although,everthough,as,because,so等等，在这些词的帮助下，学生可明确句与句，段落与段落之间的内在本质联系，因而能尽快把握住段落中心或文章中心。

　　最后，值得注意的是学生*时阅读要有选择性和针对性。学生可选择一些难度适当、语言鲜活地道、时代感强的文章阅读;毕业年级的学生更应该针对中考、高考选材阅读，以便积累丰富的语言图式、内容图式、修辞图式，逐渐构建新的各类图式，在阅读时能够激活、运用图式，成功理解有一定长度和难度的英语文章，在阅读理解方面取得优势，为考试和实际生活中的阅读打下坚实的基础。

　　1.讲究词汇记忆质量，提升阅读理解能力

　　英语阅读能力高低，关键在于词汇量，所以考生一定要注意词汇记忆的质量，注意积累和掌握处理词汇的四个基本能力：①根据构词法判断衍生词、派生词和合成词的词义和词性的能力;②根据篇章语境和上下文断定一词多义、熟词生义的语言能力;③娴熟掌握篇章中语言借代的现象;④准确判断与阅读理解密切相关的一些语言功能现象，如：逻辑连词，递进衔接词和语法连接词。

　　2.精读泛读相互融合，确保能力开阔视野

　　精读的目的是：弄清每个词汇的确切含义和其语言功能，整体把握篇章，了解谋篇布局和熟悉作者的语言结构。通过精读反过来促进词汇记忆和应用，同时又能达到学*他人的写作目的。

　　泛读的目的是：坚持每天读一点，旨在开阔视野，增加英美文化背景知识，扩大知识面有助于提升阅读理解能力，以此不断丰富自己处理语言现象的能力。

　　3.正确掌握阅读速度，强化阅读理解精度

　　*年来的高考阅读篇章的篇幅较长，对考生的阅读速度和理解的精度要求较高。因此，考生应采用正确的阅读方法，把自己的关注力集中在语义上，准确领会作者的写作意图为阅读第一要素。应用“意群理解”的阅读方式，多用略读、跳读、扫读和回读的快捷方法，在最短的时间内找寻关键词、主题句及作者意图等重要信息。为提高阅读速度，最好坚持有针对性的限时阅读训练策略的强化，提升阅读速度的同时又能把握阅读理解的精度。

　　针对高考阅读理解的命题原则和思路，建议考生应在阅读理解策略上多下功夫，动动点子。针对高考阅读理解设题思路，考生可根据不同题型采用不同策略。

　　①主旨大意题“篇章首尾兼顾”策略

　　这类题称之为“主题句定位原则”，通常可在文章首段的第一句或段落的首尾句找到主旨大意的关键词语。

　　②综合细节题“语义类似定位”策略

　　今年高考的综合细节题多运用同义解释或反义转换形式，侧重考查考生的语言的理解和把握能力，故解题时宜采用相关同义或反义表述搜寻策略即可。

　　③推测判断题“因果关联定位”策略

　　这类题为“依据事实推测未知结论”的类型理解题，解题时须遵循客观规律，符合逻辑推理，根据已知事实依据判定动作趋势和相关结果的因果关联思考。

　　④最佳标题题“中心词+概括性词语”策略

　　这类题的词语短而精炼，解题时应遵循“概括性词语加上中心词”的搭配原则，这类题的短语构成具有概括性、针对性和醒目性的特点。

　　⑤作者意图题“尾段言语定位”策略

　　这类题主要考查考生能否正确判定作者为何写这篇文章，他对所描述的事件的真正看法是什么，所以，解题时重点关注短文的最后一段含有结论性的词语就能获得关键信息词语。

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高考英语阅读理解题型

高考英语阅读理解题型

　　作为高考英语试卷中题量最大、分值最多、难度最高的题型，高考英语阅读理解题在整个高中英语中至关重要。下面小编就跟大家介绍一下高考英语阅读理解题型以及解题方法吧!

　　一、主旨大意题

　　主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料(或所读材料片断)中心思想的概括。做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)也是完全可能的。主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。请看浙江卷中的一个段落：

　　In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.

　　◎What is the subject discussed in the text?

　　A. The writer’s unhappy school life

　　B. The writer’s eagerness to earn money

　　C. The writer’s experience as a full-time worker

　　D. The writer’s hard work in an apple plant

　　原文共有五个自然段，上面摘录的只是文章的第1个自然段，但是如果考生训练有素的话，只要读完这个段落就可猜出此题的答案了。因为文章第一句说In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget，接着作者用but引出一个新的情况(即主题句)：none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. 再接下来又说：　　The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. 聪明的读者至此应该可以猜测到，下面的几个段落肯定是介绍这个apple plant 的work是如何的hard，它的pay是如何的poor，它的working conditions 是如何的terrible 等。比较四个选项，只有选项D所表述内容合乎上面的分析，故选D。

　　二、事实细节题

　　顾名思义，事实细节题即指针对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题。事实细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换或简单换算)。请看安徽卷中的一道事实细节题：

　　Tuition Fees(学费)

　　Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui@w*to.ac.nz

　　Accommodation(住宿)

　　You can have a room in a 4-bedrcom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: ave@walkato.ac.nz

　　◎You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of W*to.

　　A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000

　　根据Tuition fees一节的内容可知，一年的学费最低为5,000美元，再根据Accommodation(住宿)一节可知，除学费外，还有住宿费(每月100美元)和生活费(每月150美元)，即一年大约共3,000美元，所以在WaiKato大学读书一年至少要花费5,000+3,000=8,000美元，故答案为B。

　　三、代词指代题

　　这类题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义，它主要考查考生在一定语境中对上下文逻辑关系的正确理解。做这类题时，考生不仅要读懂相关句子的句意，理顺相关句子的逻辑关系，而且还要学会合理变通，尤其要学会变通理解其中的同义表达。请看天津卷中的一个片断和一个道词义猜测题：

　　Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable(可以预见的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves(涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.

　　What does the underlined word “this” refer to?

　　A. Great contributions to the society.

　　B. Long-time study of the subject matter.

　　C. Various statements about problem solving.

　　D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.

　　此题答案选B。答案的直接依据是文章中的Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this 这两句话。从句意和句子结构上看，this在此指代的应是they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time，比较四个选项，只有B与之吻合，因为选项中的long-time与原文中的over fairly long periods of time属同义表达，选项中的study of the subject matter 与原文中的devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem属同义表达。

　　四、词义猜测题

　　即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点，同学们应引起充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多，常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法、基本构词法、语境理解法、举例说明法、常识背景法 、类属分析法等。请看安徽卷中一道词义猜测题：

　　More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure(压力) from work, almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care.

　　The underlined word “survey” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.

　　A. research B. review C. exhibition D. examination

　　此题答案选A。比较四个选项，同时结合常识，文中所提到的事实和数据应该是“调查和研究”得出的(其他几个选项可排除)。

　　五、推理判断题

　　即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们应严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气等，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。此时应特别注意：当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时，不要误认为是在问“你”(考生)的想法，而是作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点。请看2005年全国卷中的一个段落：

　　Now the task I face in harvesting the fruit is twofold: First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head, and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw(缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize so dearly won. I found two full-blown white roses completely hidden as I picked tomatoes in June, but they were weak and the leaves already yellow for lack of light.

　　By saying “the prize so dearly won” in paragraph 5, the writer wants to ______.

　　A. show the difficulty in picking the tomatoes

　　B. show the hardship of growing the roses

　　C. express her liking for the roses

　　D. express her care for the tomatoes

　　本文大意讲的是作者在春天偶然栽种的一棵西红柿长成后非常大，影响到园中的玫瑰花，作者在享受西红柿美味的同时，又难以割舍珍贵的玫瑰花，面对两种选择，作者举棋不定。

　　此题要求考生推测作者说the prize so dearly won的意图，属推理判断题。此题答案选A，其推理依据主要有以下几点：一是作者在第1句用了 the task一词，将摘西红柿看成是一项“任务”;二是作者在三个地方用了have to，表示摘西红柿不容易;三是作者还用了stand on my head, reach down and under…等夸张性用词，充分说明了摘西红柿的难度。比较四个选项，显然只有选项A最佳。

　　请再看一道高考真题实例：

　　Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father. “But, Dad, you can’t be healt hy if you’re dead.”

　　Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why.

　　Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead?

　　A. He was driving at great speed.

　　B. He was running across the street.

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高一英语阅读理解专项训练及答案

高一英语阅读理解专项训练及答案

　　练*题从狭义上讲，练*题是以巩固学*效果为目的要求解答的问题；从广义上讲，练*题是指以反复学*、实践，以求熟练为目的`的问题，包括生活中遇到的麻烦、难题等。以下是小编为大家收集的高一英语阅读理解专项训练及答案，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

　　There was once a captain who loved money so much that he cheated his sailors at the end of every voyage and took their wages.

　　On the last day of one voyage, the ship was in a small port. It was winter time, and the sea was very cold, so the captain said to his sailors, "If one of you stays in the water during the whole night, I will give him my ship. But if he comes out before the sun appears, I shall get his wages."

　　The sailors had heard about the captain's cheating, so they didn't trust him. But then one of them, who thought that he was cleverer than the captain, said that he would do it. He got into the water, and, though it was very cold, he stayed in it. When it was nearly morning, some fishermen lit a fire on the shore about half a mile away.

　　"You are cheating," the captain said to the sailor. "The fire's warming you."

　　"But it's half a mile away!" said the sailor.

　　"A fire's fire," answered the captain. "I have won."

　　The sailor came out of the water, and said, "Perhaps you think that you are clever because you have won my wages, but you can't cook a chicken."

　　"I can," answered the captain.

　　"If you cook this chicken," said the sailor, "I shall work for you without wages for seven years, but if you can't, you will give me your ship."

　　The captain agreed, took the chicken and said, "Where's the fire?"

　　"There it is," answered the sailor. "On the shore."

　　"But it's half a mile away," said the captain angrily.

　　" 'A fire's fire,' you said," answered the sailor. "If it is enough to warm me in the water, it is enough to cook your chicken."

　　(301w)

　　1. The captain got the sailors' wages ________.

　　A. to buy a chicken for himself

　　B. and kept the money for future use

　　C. by cheating him

　　D. and said he would return the money soon

　　2. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

　　A. All the sailors refused to get into the water because it was too cold.

　　B. The captain knew that the fire the fishermen made was enough to warm the sailor in the water.

　　C. The captain succeeded in cheating the sailor.

　　D. It was the sailor who was cleverer.

　　3. The captain insisted that the fire was warming the sailor because he ________.

　　A. didn't want to lose the bet

　　B. didn't believe the sailor's success

　　C. wanted to keep his promise

　　D. wanted to show his cleverness

　　4. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

　　A. The sailors didn't trust the captain.

　　B. In order to help the sailor in the water, the fishermen made a fire.

　　C. The captain failed to cheat the sailor this time.

　　D. The sailor didn't get out of the water before the sun appeared.

　　5. What is the title of the story?

　　A. How a Captain Cheated His Sailor

　　B. How a Sailor Got a Ship

　　C. A Brave Sailor

　　D. A Fire Is Fire

　　答案：CDABD

　　One day an ant was drinking at a small stream and fell in. She made desperate efforts to reach the side, but made no progress at all. The poor ant almost exhausted was still bravely doing her best when a dove saw her. Moved with pity, the bird threw her a blade of grass, which supported her like a raft, and thus the ant reached the bank again. While she was resting and drying herself in the grass, she heard a man come near. He was walking along barefooted with a gun in his hand. As soon as he saw the dove, he wished to kill it. He would certainly have done so, but the ant bit him in the foot just as he raised his gun to fire. He stopped to see what had bit him, and the dove immediately flew away. It was an animal much weaker and smaller than herself that had saved her life.

　　(163w)

　　1. The ant could not reach the side though _______.

　　A. she cried for help B. she asked the dove to save her

　　C. she tried very hard D. she could smell well

　　2. The dove saved the ant because _______.

　　A. she was the ant's friend B. she took pity on the poor ant

　　C. the ant was almost exhausted D. the ant had been struggled in the water for a long time

　　3. The ant succeeded in getting on the bank with the help of _______.

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英语专四试题阅读理解训练及答案详解

英语专四试题阅读理解训练及答案详解

　　游手好闲的学*并不比学*游手好闲好。以下是小编为大家搜索整理的英语专四试题阅读理解训练及答案详解，希望对正在关注的'您有所帮助!

　　A Nation That's Losing Its Toolbox

　　The scene inside the Home Depot on Weyman Avenue here would give the old-time American craftsman pause.

　　In Aisle 34 is precut plastic flooring, the glue already in place. In Aisle 26 are prefabricated windows. Stacked near the checkout counters, and as colorful as a Fisher-Price toy, is a not-so-serious-looking power tool: a battery-operated saw-and-drill combination. And if you don't want to do it yourself, head to Aisle 23 or Aisle 35, where a help desk will arrange for an installer.

　　It's all very handy stuff, I guess, a convenient way to be a do-it-yourselfer without being all that good with tools. But at a time when the American factory seems to be a shrinking presence, and when good manufacturing jobs have vanished, perhaps never to return, there is something dee* troubling about this dilution of American craftsmanship.

　　This isn't a lament (伤感) - or not merely a lament - for bygone times. It's a social and cultural issue, as well as an economic one. The Home Depot approach to craftsmanship - simplify it, dumb it down, hire a contractor - is one signal that mastering tools and working with one's hands is receding in America as a hobby, as a valued skill, as a cultural influence that shaped thinking and behavior in vast sections of the country.

　　That should be a matter of concern in a presidential election year. Yet neither Barack Obama nor Mitt Romney promotes himself as tool-savvy (使用工具很在行的) presidential timber, in the mold of a Jimmy Carter, a skilled carpenter and cabinet maker.

　　The Obama administration does worry publicly about manufacturing, a first cousin of craftsmanship. When the Ford Motor Company, for example, recently announced that it was bringing some production home, the White House cheered. "When you see things like Ford moving new production from Mexico to Detroit, instead of the other way around, you know things are changing," says Gene Sperling, director of the National Economic Council.

　　Ask the administration or the Republicans or most academics why America needs more manufacturing, and they respond that manufacturing gives birth to innovation, brings down the trade deficit, strengthens the dollar, generates jobs, arms the military and brings about a recovery from recession. But rarely, if ever, do they publicly take the argument a step further, asserting that a growing manufacturing sector encourages craftsmanship and that craftsmanship is, if not a birthright, then a vital ingredient of the American self-image as a can-do, inventive, we-can-make-anything people.

　　Traditional vocational training in public high schools is gradually declining, stranding thousands of young people who seek training for a craft without going to college. Colleges, for their part, have since 1985 graduated fewer chemical, mechanical, industrial and metallurgical (冶金的) engineers, partly in response to the reduced role of manufacturing, a big employer of them.

　　The decline started in the 1950s, when manufacturing generated a sturdy 28% of the national income, or gross domestic product, and employed one-third of the workforce. Today, factory output generates just 12% of G.D.P. and employs barely 9% of the nation's workers.

　　Mass layoffs and plant closings have drawn plenty of headlines and public debate over the years, and they still occasionally do. But the damage to skill and craftsmanship- that's needed to build a complex airliner or a tractor, or for a worker to move up from assembler to machinist to supervisor - went largely unnoticed.

　　"In an earlier generation, we lost our connection to the land, and now we are losing our connection to the machinery we depend on," says Michael Hout, a sociologist at the University of California, Berkeley. "People who work with their hands," he went on, "are doing things today that we call service jobs, in restaurants and laundries, or in medical technology and the like."

　　That's one explanation for the decline in traditional craftsmanship. Lack of interest is another. The big money is in fields like finance. Starting in the 1980s, skill in finance grew in importance, and, as depicted in the news media and the movies, became a more appealing source of income.

　　By last year, Wall Street traders, bankers and those who deal in real estate generated 21% of the national income, double their share in the 1950s. And Warren Buffett, the good-natured financier, became a homespun folk hero, without the tools and overalls (工作服).

　　"Young people grow up without developing the skills to fix things around the house," says Richard Curtin, director of the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers. "They know about com*rs, of course, but they don't know how to build them."

　　Manufacturing's shrinking presence undoubtedly helps explain the decline in craftsmanship, if only because many of the nation's assembly line workers were skilled in craft work, if not on the job then in their spare time. In a late 1990s study of blue-collar employees at a General Motors plant (now closed) in Linden, N. J., the sociologist Ruth Milkman of City University of New York found that many line workers, in their off-hours, did home renovation and other skilled work.

　　"I have often thought," Ms. Milkman says, "that these extracurricular jobs were an effort on the part of the workers to regain their dignity after suffering the degradation of repetitive assembly line work in the factory."

　　Craft work has higher status in nations like Germany, which invests in apprenticeship (学徒) programs for high school students. "Corporations in Germany realized that there was an interest to be served economically and patriotically in building up a skilled labor force at home; we never had that ethos (风气)," says Richard Sennett, a New York University sociologist who has written about the connection of craft and culture.

　　The damage to American craftsmanship seems to parallel the steep slide in manufacturing employment. Though the decline started in the 1970s, it became much steeper beginning in 2000. Since then, some 5.3 million jobs, or one-third of the workforce in manufacturing, have been lost. A stated goal of the Obama administration is to restore a big chunk of this employment, along with the multitude of skills that many of the jobs required.

　　As for craftsmanship itself, the issue is how to preserve it as a valued skill in the general population. Ms. Milkman, the sociologist, argues that American craftsmanship isn't disappearing as quickly as some would argue - that it has instead shifted to immigrants. "Pride in craft, it is alive in the immigrant world," she says.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

　　1. How did the author feel looking at the scene inside the Home Depot?

　　A) He felt proud that he was a do-it-youselfer himself.

　　B) He was inspired by the way the wares were displayed.

　　C) He felt troubled about the weakening of American craftsmanship.

　　D) He was happy to see the return of the do-it-yourself spirit in America.

　　2. What does the author think of mastering tools and working with one's hands?

　　A) It shapes people's thinking and behavior.

　　B) It is no longer important in modern times.

　　C) It helps politicians connect with workmen.

　　D) It is essential to advanced manufacturing.

　　3. How did the White House respond to Ford's announcement to bring some production

　　A) It worried publicly.

　　B) It felt much relieved.

　　C) It made no comment.

　　D) It welcomed the decision.

　　4. How does the author view manufacturing?

　　A) It encourages craftsmanship.

　　B) It is vital to national defense.

　　C) It can change the self-image of workers.

　　D) It represents the nation's glorious past.

　　5. What do we learn about America's manufacturing in the 1950s?

　　A) It generated just 12% of the gross national income.

　　B) It constituted 28% of the gross domestic product.

　　C) It was the biggest employer of American workers.

　　D) It was the most active sector of American economy.

　　6. What does the author say is a factor contributing to the decline in traditional craftsmanship?

　　A) Automation makes it unnecessary to employ too many skilled workers.

　　B) People can earn more money in fields other than manufacturing.

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高一英语阅读理解试题及答案

高一英语阅读理解试题及答案

　　英语阅读题的词汇一般不会很生僻，下面是小编整理的高一英语阅读理解题，希望能帮到大家!

　　高一英语阅读理解试题【1】

　　Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(别扭的)hand positions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows(肘)next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm.

　　Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides， and workers use：

　　●power tools rather than having to use muscle(肌肉)power

　　●tools with specially designed handles that allow the wrist(手腕)to keep straight (See figure 1)。 This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a person‘s side

　　Figure1. Bend the tool， not the wrist

　　●tools with handles that can be held comfortably by the whole hand. This means having a selection of sizes—remember that tools that provide a comfortable firm Hold for a person with a very large hand may be of no use for someone with a very small hand. This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men.

　　●tools that do not press fingers (or flesh) between the handles， and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area.

　　59. What is the best title for the passage?

　　A. Good tool Design for Women

　　B. Importance of Good Tool Design

　　C. Tool Design and Prevention of Injuries

　　D. Overuse of Tools and Worker Protection

　　60. Which of the following describes a well-designed tool?

　　A. It‘s kept close to the body.

　　B. It fully uses muscle power.

　　C. It makes users feel relaxed.

　　D. It‘s operated with more force.

　　61. What is Figure 1 used to show?

　　A. The effective use of the tool.

　　B. The way of operating the tool.

　　C. The proper design of the handle.

　　D. The purpose of bending the wrist.

　　62. In choosing tools for women， _____of the handle is the most important.

　　A. the size

　　B. the edge

　　C. the shape

　　D. the position

　　答案：CDCA

　　高一英语阅读理解试题【2】

　　Guangzhou (Xinhua)——12 people were killed and 20 injured early yesterday morning when they jumped from a burning train car into the path of an oncoming goods train in Southern China. When No. 247 Wuchang——Guangzhou passenger train was passing the Dayaoshan Tunnel in Guangdong Province， South China at 00 ：17 hours yesterday， a fire caused by passengers' smoking broke out on No. 17 car. They wanted to extinguish fire. As the train stopped some frightened passengers jumped from windows. 12 people were crushed to death and 20 others injured by a northward passing goods train(No. 1766)。

　　75. In which direction did the passenger train travel?

　　A. Northward.

　　B. Southward.

　　C. Eastward.

　　D. Westward.

　　76. When did the accident happen?

　　A. At 00：17 am.

　　B. At 00：17 pm.

　　C. At seventeen past one.

　　D. At seventeen to one.

　　77. Where did the accident happen?

　　A. In Wuchang.

　　B. In Guangzhou.

　　C. In Hubei.

　　D. In Guangdong.

　　78. For what did the passenger train stop?

　　A. To put out the fire.

　　B. To let the passengers jump out.

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2021年高考英语阅读理解训练题及答案

2021年高考英语阅读理解训练题及答案

　　高考是中华人民共和国大陆境内(香港、澳门除外)高等学校入学最重要的考试。英语作为文理都要考的科目，不可谓不重要。为了帮助大家备考2021年高考英语，小编整理了一些阅读理解训练题，欢迎阅读!

　　第一节(共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分)

　　阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑

　　A

　　Signing up for a digital TV service provides you with access to over 200 channels from all over the globe. However, television today is dominated by * language, making it hard for concerned families to find channels suitable for young eyes. Therefore, most movie channels are automatically removed form the list of TV channels for an entire family. The following are some good ones based on popularity on a global scale.

　　Discovery Channel

　　Discovery and its many channels can be considered as the founding father of informative channels on television. What National Geographic does in a scholastic(学术的) manner, Discovery tries to do in an entertaining manner—educating the masses about anything and everything.

　　Fox Family

　　Finding a movie channel that broadcasts pictures suitable for teenagers and kids alike is very difficult unless your service operator offers you Fox family movies. This channel screens most movies before it broadcasts them, ensuring that no movie shows unacceptable material for young eyes.

　　Nickelodeon

　　A channel very similar to Cartoon Network, it mostly shows US programs. However, their shows are sometimes a bit more mature for younger kids and better suited to kids aged 5and up.

　　ABC Family

　　ABC started the ABC family channel in an attempt to introduce family-centered shows and serials to the public in the USA. The need for this channel was felt after ABC observed the lack of proper family type US channels.

　　Living

　　If travelling is a family hobby and better living is the motto then there is no better channel than Living. Kids can see never-seen-before sights, learning about new places while *s can practice their cooking and learn amazing things about motorbikes.

　　21. According to the text, most channels offered by a digital TV service ______.

　　A. can keep people away from TV violence

　　B. are welcomed by families with small children

　　C. are concerned about the proper use of language

　　D. are unsuitable for the whole family to watch together

　　22. Which of the following can best describe Discovery Channel?

　　A. Relaxing. B. Touching. C. Commercial. D. Professional.

　　23. If people want to know about what a traditional family is like, they can choose ____.

　　A. Fox Family B. Nickelodeon C. ABC Family D. Living

　　B

　　Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently it’s because we have mirror neurons (神经元) in our brains.

　　Put sim*, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate it, whether or not we actually perform the same action. This

　　explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further: mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people.

　　Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the area

　　which relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. Researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to (for example: “The hand took hold of the ball”), the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball).

　　Any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which

　　are not fully functioning. However, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.

　　Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact. Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent for neuroscience of what Einstein’s theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does—well, perhaps you’ll understand why.

　　24. Mirror neurons can explain _____.

　　A. why we cry when we are hurt

　　B. why we cough when we suffer from a cold

　　C. why we smile when we see someone else smile

　　D. why we yawn when we see someone else stay up late

　　25. The underlined word “triggered” in the third paragraph probably means “____”.

　　A. set off B. cut off C. built up D. broken up

　　26. We can learn from the passage that mirror neurons _____.

　　A. relate to human behavior and interaction

　　B. control human physical actions and feelings

　　C. result in bad behavior and social disorders

　　D. determine our knowledge and language abilities

　　27. What is the passage mainly about?

　　A. Ways to find mirror neurons. B. Problems of mirror neurons.

　　C. Existence of mirror neurons. D. Functions of mirror neurons.

　　C

　　The sharing economy, represented by companies like Airbnb or Uber, is the latest fashion craze. But many supporters have overlooked the reality that this new business model is largely based on escaping regulations and breaking the law.

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