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英语句子基本结构类型分析
英语句子分为简单句和复合句。所谓的简单句,就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。复合句又分成并列句和复杂句,英语句子结构大概就这几个类型。下面小编给大家分享的英语句子结构分析,希望能帮到你!
1、简单句
简单句,即只有一个主谓结构的句子。除了特殊情况,英语句子中都有主语、谓语(或表语),有时候还有宾语;而且除了倒装句等特殊句型,一般情况下,主语、谓语、宾语的先后顺序是固定的,不可能宾语跑到谓语前面,或者谓语跑到主语前面。目前很多语法书都把英语的简单句归纳为五种基本句型。实际上,英语简单句还可以简化为三种形式:
主语+谓语(及物动词) + 宾语;I hate grammar.
主语+谓语(不及物动词); Grammar sucks.
主语+系动词 +表语; Grammar is hell.
所以,我们在阅读句子的时候,不管句子有多长,不管是并列句还是复合句,都必须首先分清各句中的主语、谓语(或表语),有的句子中还包括宾语。因为主语、谓语、宾语中英语句子的主干,抓住了句子的主干,句子的基本意思就清楚了。
2、并列句
并列句就是两个或以上的简单句,由表示并列关系的连词或标点符号连接而成。常见的'连词:and, not only...but also, neither...nor... or, either...or... otherwise,but, yet, while, so, for等。阅读中遇到并列关系的句子,一般情况下是以连词为界限,将句子分成前、后几个部分,并分别来分析,各句的意思一般可以单独理解,最后将各句合并即可。
I hate grammar, / while he loves it. (以while为界,可分为前后两个小句子)
3、主从复合句
主从复合句即是复杂句,它也是由两个以上的句子构成。与并列不同的是,各分句之间的意思是紧密相连的,所以我们不能简单地把各个句子拆开来看,而必须将各分句综合起来进行理解。有时候,分句里面有可能还包含分句。
说到从句,我们还要介绍一下英语中的三大从句:名词性从句,形容词性从句和副词性从句。三大从句之下又包括纷繁复杂的从句形式:
名词性从句:主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句
形容词性从句(定语从句):限制性,非限制性
副词性从句(状语从句):时间,地点,原因,条件,目的,让步,方式,结果
看到这里,可能有些同学又会产生抵触情绪了,其实这些细致的划分我们可以跳过,对于具体句子中的从句如何解决其实很简单,你只需知道从句做什么成分就可以了,从句做什么成分,就是个什么功能的从句。
The sad thing is that the ugly man with a lot of money chooses living alone. (表语)
What the ugly man chooses is living alone.(主语)
We all know that the ugly man chooses living alone.(宾语)
The thing that the ugly man with a lot of money chooses living alone was known to everyone. (同位语)
The ugly man who has a lot of money chooses living alone.(定语)
Although the ugly man has a lot of money, he chooses living alone.(状语)
在阅读这样的复杂句的时候,首先要找出主句或从句从哪儿开始,到哪儿结束,首先理解主句的意思,最后再把从句的内容与主句综合起来。
介绍完句子结构,就该说说复杂句子的解决方法了,那就是优先提取主干法。这种方法顾名思义就是先把句子的主干提取,因为主干是句子的精髓所在,然后再看其他补充或修饰的成分。
One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was 【that [ what in previous years had been referred to as the "American", "native", or, occasionally, "New York" school (---the most representative school of American art in any genre--- )主语从句] ( had by 1890) was firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school. 表语从句】
首先找到句子主干成分:"One of the results was..."很明显的主系表结构,that 引导的显然是个表语从句,表语从句中又有一个由What引导的主语从句,主干结构是"...was firmly established."最后再加上修饰成分,句子就很容易分析了,也可以轻而易举的翻译并理解了:两个派别斗争的结果之一是:直到1890年,这个曾经被称作"美国的"、"本土的"、或者偶尔被称作是"纽约的"美国艺术题材中最有代表性的学派,以哈德逊河学派命名被稳固的建立在批评家和公众的思想之中了。
优先提取主干是一个很有效地方法,如果我们具备了基本的句子结构知识,了解了句子的成分构成,先提取主干,抓住句子精髓,再看从句和其他部分,理清各个部分之间的关系,任何复杂的句子也就迎刃而解了。
英语句子成分练*题
在学*、工作乃至生活中,大家一定都接触过一些使用较为普遍的.句子吧,根据用途和语气,句子可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。你还在找寻优秀经典的句子吗?下面是小编为大家收集的英语句子成分练*题,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语(—)、谓语(=)、宾语(~):
I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语(—)、状语(=)、补语(~):
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.
四、选择填空:
( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing.
A. Now there the man B. The man here now
C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now
( ) 2. The weather ____.
A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold
( ) 3. The apple tasted ____.
A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet
( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
( )5. The actor ______at the age of 70.
A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded
( )6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we
( )7. He found the street much ______.
A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly
( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well.
A. its B. it C. that D. that is
( ) 9. The dog ____ mad.
A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked
( )10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.
A. that B. when C. in which D. where
练*一:一、1、主语,定语;2、间接宾语;3、谓语,状语;4、定语;5、状语,状语;6、定语,表语;7、宾语,状语;8、谓语,主语;9、谓语;10、主语,表语;11、谓语,宾语;12、状语;13、形式宾语,真正宾语;14、宾语、定语;15、插入语,状语;16、宾语(间宾+直宾);17、状语,状语;18、形式主语,表语,宾补;19、宾补;20、表语
二、略 三、略
英语语句基本结构分析
英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后,系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。下面小编为大家带来英语语句基本结构分析,希望大家喜欢!
一、英语语句基本结构分析
(一)主谓宾结构:
1、主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),数词,动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
eg: The boy comes from America.
He made a speech.
Tow and tow is four.
To be a teacher is my dream.
Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.
2、谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,
eg:We come.
Many changes took place in my home town.
注(以下这些词是不及物动词:表发生、出现的,如:take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去,如:come, go 等)
3、宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外,名词,动名词,不定式等可以作宾语。
eg:I will do it tomorrow.
The boy needs a pen.
I like swimming.
I like to swim this afternoon.
(二)主系表结构:
1、主语:同‘主谓宾’结构。
2、谓语:联系动词(Link verb):be动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如:become成为,turn变成,go变和感官动词如:feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词或副词,既,不可能是宾语。
3、表语:说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。
(1)当联系动词不是be,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达‘转变为’之意,注意与动宾关系的区别。
eg: He became a teacher at last.
His face turned red.
(2)感官动词多可用作联系动词
eg: He looks well.他面色好。
It sounds nice.这个听起来不错。
I feel good.我感觉好。
The egg smells bad.这个鸡蛋难闻。
例:Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩)主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy
(三)There be 结构:
There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词,表示‘(存在)有某事物’试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词‘那里’。
二、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
(一)形容词作定语:
The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。
(二)数词作定语相当于形容词:
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
(三)形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语:
His boy needs Tom's pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
(四)介词短语作定语:
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。
(五)名词作定语:
The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语:
The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
基本的常用英语口语对话
相信大家在日常学*生活中,也会想用一些英语来与同学进行交流,有的时候不知道英语的常用口语,是不是会很苦恼呢,以下是基本英语口语对话常用的,下面小编都已经帮大家收集整理好了,希望对您有帮助!
一、Greetings 问候语
1. Hello! / Hi! 你好!
2. Good morning / afternoon / evening! 早晨(下午/晚上)好!
3. I'm Kathy King. 我是凯西?金。
4. Are you Peter Smith? 你是彼得?史密斯吗?
5. Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. 是,我是。/ 不,我不是。
6. How are you? 你好吗?
7. Fine, thanks. And you? 很好,谢谢,你呢?
8. I'm fine, too. 我也很好。
9. How is Amy / your wife / your husband? 爱米好吗?/你妻子好吗?/你丈夫好吗?
10. She is very well, thank you. 她很好,谢谢。
11. Good night, Jane. 晚安,简。
12. Good-bye, Mike. 再见,迈克。
13. See you tomorrow. 明天见。
14. See you later. 待会儿见。
15. I have to go now. 我必须走了。
二、Expression In Class 课堂用语
16. May I come in? 我能进来吗?
17. Come in, please. 请进。
18. Sit down, please. 请坐。
19. It's time for class. 上课时间到了。
20. Open your books and turn to page.打开书,翻到第20页。
21. I'll call the roll before class. 课前我要点名。
22. Here! 到!
23. Has everybody got a sheet? 每个人都拿到材料了吗?
24. Any different opinion? 有不同意见吗?
25. Are you with me? 你们跟上我讲的了吗?
26. Have I made myself clear? 我讲明白了吗?
27. Could you say it again? 你能再说一遍吗?
28. Any questions? 有什么问题吗?
29. That's all for today. 今天就讲到这里。
30. Please turn in your paper before leaving. 请在离开前将论文交上。
31. What's this? 这是什么?
32. It's a pen. 是支笔。
33. Is this your handbag? 这是你的手提包吗?
34. No, it isn't. / Yes, it is. 不,它不是。/是的,它是。
35. Whose pen is this? 这是谁的笔?
36. It's Kate's. 是凯特的。
37. Is that a car? 那是一辆小汽车吗?
38. No, it isn't. It's a bus. 不,那是一辆公共汽车。
39. What do you call this in English? 这个用英语怎么说?
40. What is the color of your new book? 你的新书是什么颜色的?
41. How big is your house? 你的房子有多大?
42. How long is the street? 这条街有多长?
43. What's the name of the cat? 这猫叫什么名字?
44. Where's the company? 那个公司在哪儿?
45. Which is the right size? 哪个尺码是对的'?
三、About Belongings 关于所有物
46. Some of them are mine. 一部分是我的。
英语语法五大基本句型
英语句子是由主语、 谓语动词、宾语、表语、状语、宾语补足语等成分组成。以下是小编整理的英语语法五大基本句型,我们一起看看吧!
一There be 句型
1、解释:“……地方有……”;
2、结构:
There be + 主语 + 地点状语
eg:There are some apples on the table.
3、考点:主谓一致
(1)be 后名词是单数名词或不可数名词,be 用 is 或者 was;后接可数名词复数则用 are 或were。
eg:
There is an apple in the fridge.
There is some milk in the fridge.
There isn’t any / is no money in the box.
There are many girls in the room.
(2)如果 be 后面是几个并列名词作主语,be 的单复数和最靠*的名词保持一致——就*原则。
eg:
There is a book and two pencils on the desk.
There are two pencils and a book on the desk.
二主系表
1、结构:主语+系动词+表语
eg:
He is good.
He is a good student.
2、系动词:
必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语才能表达完整的意思,这类动词叫系动词。
常见系动词:
(1)be 动词——is/am/are/was/were
(2)感官动词——feel/look/sound/taste/smell
(3)表转变动词——get/grow/become/go
eg:
感官动词主系表——It looks perfect. 它看上去真完美。
表转变动词主系表——The sky grew dark./ It became dirty.
3、考点:系动词后面跟形容词
eg:
He looks at her happily.(happily 修饰 look at,look at 解释为看着,look 是实义动词)
He looks happy when he sees her.(look 不及物,这里没有跟介词,单独行动,翻译/为“看上去”,是系动词,后跟形容词。)
三主谓宾
1、结构:主语+谓语+宾语
主语:动作发出者;
谓语:动作本身(实义动词);
宾语:动作承受者
eg:I walk a bear. 我溜一只熊。
四主谓宾宾
结构:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语
双宾语:直接宾语(物);间接宾语(人)——物直人间
eg:
I give him the book.
I give the book to him.
谓语后跟间接宾语时,直接宾语前不需要介词;谓语后跟直接宾语时,间接宾语前加介词 to/for。
五主谓宾宾补
结构:主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
英语情态动词的基本用法
现如今,情态动词的使用一般是英语学*中的重点,以下是小编收集整理的英语情态动词的基本用法,欢迎参考阅读!
一、情态动词的基本用法
1. can基本含义与用法
(1)(表示能力)能……;会……
(2)(表示可能、许可)能够……;可以
(3)(表温和的命令)请做……;得……
(4)(用于疑问句中,表请求、提议)能不能……;要不要…
(5)(用于疑问句中,表惊讶、怀疑等)“(到底)可能有这样的事吗?”
(6)构成特殊句式:
①cannot/ can never...too...或cannot...enough “无论怎么……也不过分;越……越好;非常……”。One cannot be too careful. 越认真越好。I cannot thank you enough.我对你感激不尽。
②cannot help doing.../ cannot help but do.../ cannnot but do...“禁不住;不由得;不得不”。
【注意】情态动词完成式的用法:表示已经发生的情况,can’t/ couldn’t have +过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。 例如: Mary couldn’t have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
表示虚拟语气,could have+过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”。例如: What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
2. may基本含义与用法
(1)(表准许、请求)可以、
(2)(表愿望、祝福)但愿;祝……。此时,句子要用倒装语序
(3)(用于目的状语从句中)为了;为了能够
(4)(用于让步状语从句中)即使;无论
(5)构成句型:may/ might as well do sth. “还是做某事的好;不妨去做某事”
【注意】情态动词完成式的用法:表示已经发生的情况,may/ might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。例如:At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
表示虚拟语气,may/ might have + 过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”。例如: It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
3. must基本含义与用法
(1)(表义务、必要性、命令)必须,得,要,mustn’t表“禁止、不准”、
(2)(表必然性)必定
(3)(表固执、不满等)偏偏;硬要;偏要,例如:If you must know,I’m going to help him look for an apartment.
【注意】情态动词完成式的用法:must have +过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。例如: My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
4. shall基本含义与用法
(1)用于疑问句中,与第一、三人称连用,表示征求对方的意见,may用于征求对方的许可,shall用于征求对方的意见或指示
(2)用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的命令、警告、强制、允诺、威胁或决心等
(3)(用于法律、规则等条文中)应……,须……,得……
5. should基本含义与用法
(1)(表义务、责任)应该
(2)(表预期)应该会,想必会,一定会……吧
(3)(表惊讶、遗憾)竟然;居然
(4)(与疑问词连用,表示意外、纳闷、惊讶等)究竟是;到底
(5)(用于条件状语从句中)一旦;万一
(6)(用于表示命令、建议、请求的动词后面的that从句中,且should可省略)应该;必须,例如:She demanded that they (should) leave at once.
(7)(用于以lest,for fear that,in case引导的状语从句中)以免;唯恐,例如:She gave me a list just in case I should forget what to buy.
【注意】情态动词完成式的用法:表示虚拟语气,should/ should not have +过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,或本不应该做但实际上做了, 译为“本(不)应该……”。如:I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
6. would基本含义与用法
(1)(表过去的*惯性动作)(从前)常常;经常
(2)(表示说话者的厌烦、焦躁)老是;偏要
(3)(用于否定句中,主语一般是事物,表示某事物暂时的特性)就是(不能)
(4)表示请求或个人的想法、看法,使语气婉转,例如:Would you mind if I opened the window?
二、表推测情态动词辨析
1. must,can/ could,may/ might可以用来对事情进行推测。
must表推测时只能用于肯定句,是对现在或过去的事情进行的推测,不能表对将来事情的推测,语气非常肯定,译为“一定……”。
can/ could表推测时一般用于否定句或疑问句,也是对现在或过去的事情进行推测,但could偶尔可用于肯定推测。
may/ might表推测时一般用于肯定句或否定句,可对现在、过去或将来的事情进行推测,语气不很肯定,译为“可能……”。
2. “情态动词+have done”结构用于对过去事情的推测。
商务英语的基本翻译探析论文
艰苦的大学生活即将结束,众所周知毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验大学学*成果的形式,那么优秀的毕业论文是什么样的呢?以下是小编帮大家整理的商务英语的基本翻译探析论文,欢迎大家分享。
摘要:
商务英语由于其专业性因此区别于其它领域的翻译,一些译者由于不清楚专业词语的意思或文化背景知识而误译。本文将从以下三个方面浅析商务英语的基本翻译:1.商务专业术语;2.名词复数变义;3.适当增词、减词,*衡断句与并句的关系。
关键词:商务英语 专业术语 复数词语 句子结构
进入21世纪后,*与国际的商务交流越来越多,所涉及的领域很广,如对外贸易、对外劳务承包与合同、国际金融等,所使用的英语统称为商务英语(Business English)。它已是全球经济发展中不可缺少的.语言交际工具。商务英语基于英语的基本语法――句法结构和词汇,又具有其独特的语言现象和表达内容。商务英语文体复杂,用词专业。商务英语所表达的是商务理论和商务实践等方面的内容,因此与专业内容密不可分。商务英语在词汇使用上的最大特点是对专业词汇的精确运用,其中包括大量专业词汇,具有商务含义的普通词和复合词,以及缩略词语等。如C.W.O定货付款;bad debt呆账等。不了解这些专业术语,没有专业知识,就无法做好商务英语的翻译,因此商务英语的翻译是一个值得讨论和研究的问题。
1.准确理解原文,熟悉术语,了解专业商务英语的用法和日常用法不大相同,我们*常所熟悉的普通名词在商务英语中意思经常会有一些变化,如何翻译这些术语和*惯表达法,以及这些词应该和哪些词搭配都是非常重要的。*来新的词语层出不穷,在翻译时我们必须根据上下文去把握和理解其真正的含义。如:acceptance的意思是“承兑”,margin的意思是“保证金”,license的意思是“许可证”,joint venture的意思是“合资企业”,foreign exchange dealing的意思是“外汇交易”,capital construction的意思是“基本建设”,shipping instructions的意思则是“装运须知”。如下列例句:
(1)Insurance should be covered by the buyer against All Risks.
译文:买方应投保一切险。
(2)The seller would allow a special discount of 7% for settlement within seven days from date of invoice.
译文:如在发票开出之日七日内付款结帐,卖方可提供7%的特别折扣。
以上例句中“cover”,“settlement”,均为普通词汇,但在这里却分别为“投保”、“付款结帐”之意。
2.名词复数变义。在商务英语中,有些复数词语的词义和表达的概念与其单数时迥然不同,复数意义并非单数意义的扩展或引申,也非联想意义。《商务英语翻译》的作者张新红等就指出:“英语中名词单、复数歧义是个独特的语法现象,如不加注意,往往会造成误译”。(2003:154)。但在翻译实践中,译者又经常忽略这些特殊的复数形式的名词,在没有考虑到原文作者实际想要表达的意思的情况下,信手译来,难免犯错,因此处理这类词的翻译时需要格外小心。例如securities表示“有价证券”,而非“安全”;facilities表示“设备,设施”,而非“容易,便利”;credits表示“信贷额”而非“信用,信誉”;profits表示“利润额”而非“利润”等等。如:
(1)Commodity futures trading is an important part of the buying and selling process.
译文:商品的期货交易是买卖过程中的重要组成部分。
上例中futures的意义为“期货”,与单数形式的抽象意义“未来”相去甚远。
(2)The balance must be matched by flows of international reserves,that is,of gold-into Britain.The gold inflows into Britain automatically reduce foreign money supplies and increase Britains money sup*,driving foreign prices downward and British prices upward.
译文:必须通过国际黄金储备的大量输入英国来达到收支*衡。黄金大量流入英国自动地减少外币的供应量,增加的英国货币的供应,结果造成外国货价下跌,而英国货价上涨。
注意上例中多个名词的复数形式表示“量”的概念:flows流通量;reserves黄金储备量;inflows输入量;supplies供应量。这类词尽管为数不多,但是若译者稍有疏忽大意,就会造成误译。
3.适当增词、减词,*衡断句与并句的关系。英汉语句子结构、表达方式、修辞手段不尽相同,所以为使译文更加精练,更符合汉语表达*惯,有时需要省略部分词语;而有时为了使译文更清楚,可按意义、修辞和句法的需要在译文中加入原文无其词而有其意的词,使译文更加通达。同时也可将原文的一句话分成几句,或把两句话合成一句,及将原文的顺序作适当的调整,这样做的目的是使译文的意思完整准确。
(1)Party A has full legal right,power and authority to execute and deliver this Contract and all of the agreements and documents referred to in this Contract to which Party A is a party and to observe and perform its obligations hereunder and thereunder.
译文:甲方在法律上有充分的权利、权力和权限签署和交付本合同及本合同中的该方为一方的所有协议和文件,遵守并履行本合同及该等协议和文件规定的义务。(Hereunder和thereunder必须还原成“本合同”和“该等协议和文件”,即把这几个词重复译出)
(2)Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for July purchases has not yet been settled.
译文:也许您忘了七月份购货帐还没有结算。(名词fact不译出)
(3)The problem whether the quality of the products is up to requirement has not been settled.
译文:产品质量是否合乎要求这个问题尚未解决。(把同位语从句提到the problem前)
(4)The government tried unsuccessfully to curb inflation throughout the country.
译文:*试图控制全国范围内的通货膨胀,但没有成功。(将原文中的一个副词翻译成一个句子)
以上只是对商务英语中的几个方面进行的初步分析,商务英语翻译中需要注意的方面很多。在翻译实践中,我们必须给与重视,否则会因错译而贻笑大方。在翻译时,除了勤查词典、字斟句酌之外,*时还应注重商务知识学*,了解商务英语的特点,熟悉专业术语、常用表达,善于积累,掌握丰富的英语语言知识和商务知识,尽可能消除交际中种种障碍,从而达到准确、忠实传递信息的目的。
参考文献:
[1]陈浩然.外贸英语翻译漫谈[M].*对外经济贸易出版社,1983.
[2]冯大同.国际商法[M].对外贸易教育出版社,1994.
[3]黎孝先.国际贸易实务[M].对外贸易教育出版社,1994.
[4]杨怀恩.经贸英语翻译技巧[J].*科技翻译,2007.
[5]张新红,李明.商务英语翻译[M].高等教育出版社,2003.
考研英语阅读基本功:难句过关
上学期间,很多人都经常追着老师们要知识点吧,知识点在教育实践中,是指对某一个知识的泛称。掌握知识点是我们提高成绩的关键!下面是小编收集整理的考研英语阅读基本功:难句过关,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。
第一章 定语从句
1. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law, which was greatly enhaced by the invention of printing.
2. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low.
3. There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness.
4. The curtain was rung down in that phase of history, at least, by the sudden invention of the hydrogen bomb, of the ballistic missile and of rockets that can be aimed to hit the moon.
5. Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean's surface and last for over 70 minutes.
6. The renaissance of the feminist movement began during the 1950's led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the lives of women in the East.
7. Tom, the book's protagonist, took issue with a man who doted on his household pet yet, as a slave merchant, thought nothing of separating the husband from the wife, the parents from the children.
8. We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
9. Thus, the unity that should characterize the strong system is developed by affording opportunity for diversity, which appears to be essential if education is to develop in consideration of the needs of children and youth.
10. Automobiles have been designed which operate on liquid hydrogen, but these systems give rise to seemingly unavoidable problems arising from the handling of a cryogenic liquid.
11. It is designed to make students study, which should be their immediate mission in life.
12. We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.
13. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
14. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
15. While this boundary does not mark the outer limit of a State's territory, since in international law the territorial sea forms part of a State's territory, it does represent the demarcation between that maritime area where other States enjoy no general rights, and those maritime areas where other States do enjoy certain general rights.
16. He finds that students who were easy to teach because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks.
17. The reader who peruses with some attention the following pages will have occasion to see that both operational and mental aspects of physics have their place, but that neither should be stressed to the exclusion of the other.
18. The public is unhappy about the way society is going, and its view, fueled in part by the agendists and the media, seems to be that judicial decisions unacceptable to them, regardless of the evidence or the law, will slow or change social directions.
19. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand here where I am standing.
20. The samples should preferably be taken from points in the rig where the flow is turbulent so that the contaminant is kept well mixed in the oil.
21. Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives in personal character and social justice.
22. From the very day of the capitulation, by which Bismark's prisoners had signed the surrender of France but reserved to themselves a numerous bodyguard for the express purpose of cowing Paris, Paris stood on the watch.
23.When I'm having trouble with a story and think about giving up, or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I rool a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way my mother did.
24. What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical check up just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months?
25.Between midnight and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe.
26. It needs men who can be prompted without an aim except the aim to be on the move, to function, to go ahead.
27. Then he would publish the poem, sometimes years before the music that went with it was written.
28. We live in a narrowed world where we must be alert, awake to realism; and realism demands a standard which either must be met or result in failure.
29. We can expose our children to the best values we have found.
30. In short, you will act like the sort of person you conceive yourself to be.
31. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
32. Those most loved are invariably those who have the capacity for believing in others.
33. Americans who stem from generations which left their old people behind and never closed their parents' eyelids in death, and who have experienced the death provided by two world wars fought far from our shores are today pushing away from them both a recognition of death and a recognition of the way we live our lives.
34. God, I'm glad I can talk about it with you--probably you're the only outlet that I'll have that won't get tired of my talking about writing.
35. Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who are our ideological ancestors, thought that the goal of life was the unfolding of a person's potentialities; what mattered to them was the person who is much, not the one who has much or uses much.
36. How much easier, how much more satisfying it is for you who can see to grasp quickly the essential qualities of another person by watching the subtleties of expression, the quiver of a muscle, the flutter of a hand.
37. Her woebegone expression, her hang-dog manner, her over-anxiousness to please, or perhaps her unconscious hostility towards those she anticipated will affront her--all act to drive away those whom she would attract.
38. There is very long list of such perhapses, few of which we are in a position to evaluate with any degree of assurance.
39. If marriage exists only as an intimate relationship that can be terminated at will, and family exists only by virtue of bonds of affection, both marriage and family are relegated to the marketplace of trading places, with individuals maximising their psychological capital by moving through a series of more or less satisfying intimate relationships.
第二章 倒装句
1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underpriviledged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's baby boom generation reached its child-bearing years.
3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.
4. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and some astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
5. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.
6. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
7. In no country other than Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.
8. We have been told that under no circumstances may we use the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
Java类的基本构成
下面是关于Java类的基本构成内容,欢迎阅读!
1:Java 类的定义形式
一个完整的 Java 类通常由下面六个部分组成:
包定义语句
import 语句
类定义{
成员变量
构造方法
成员方法
}
其中:只有类定义和“{}”是不可或缺的,其余部分都可以根据需要来定义。
下面分别来学*各个部分的基本规则,看看如何写 Java 的类。
2: 包
2.1:包 是什么
在 Java 中,包是类、接口或其它包的集合,包主要用来将类组织起来成为组,从而对类进行管理。
2.2:包 能干什么
包对于下列工作非常有用:
(1):包允许您将包含类代码的文件组织起来,易于查找和使用适当的类。
(2):包不止是包含类和接口,还能够包含其它包。形成层次的包空间。
(3):它有助于避免命名冲突。当您使用很多类时,确保类和方法名称的唯一性是非常困难的。包能够形成层次命名空间,缩小了名称冲突的范围,易于管理名称。
为便于管理数目众多的类,Java 语言中引入了“包”的概念,可以说是对定义的 Java类进行“分组” ,将多个功能相关的类定义到一个“包”中,以解决命名冲突、引用不方便、安全性等问题。
就好似当今的户籍制度,每个公民除有自己的名字“张三” 、 “李四”外还被规定了他的户籍地。假定有两个人都叫张三,只称呼名字就无法区分他们,但如果事先登记他们的户籍分别在北京和上海,就可以很容易的用“北京的张三” 、 “上海的张三”将他们区分开来。如果北京市仍有多个张三,还可以细分为“北京市.海淀区的张三” 、 “北京市.西城区.*安大街的张三”等等,直到能惟一标识每个“张三”为止。
JDK 中定义的类就采用了“包”机制进行层次式管理,下图显示了其组织结构的一部分:
从图中可以看出,一个名为 java 的包中又包含了两个子包:io 包和 lang 包。lang 包中包含了 System, String, Object 三个类的定义。事实上,Java 包中既可以包含类的定义,也可以包含子包,或同时包含两者。
简而言之: 从 逻辑 上 讲 , 包 是一 组 相 关类 的集 合 ; 从 物 理 上 讲 , 同 包即 同 目 录。
2.1:JDK 中常 用的 包
java.lang----包含一些 Java 语言的核心类,包含构成 Java 语言设计基础的类。在此包中定义的最重要的一个类是“Object” ,代表类层次的根,Java 是一个单根系统,最终的根就是“Object” ,这个类会在后面讲到。
Java 并不具有“自由”的方法,例如,不属于任何类的方法,Java 中的所有方法必须始终属于某个类。经常需要使用数据类型转换方法。Java 在 Java.lang 包中定义了“包装对象”类,使我们能够实现数据类型转换。如 Boolean、Character、Integer、Long、Float 和Double,这些在后面会讲到。
此包中的其它类包括:
? Math——封装最常用的数学方法,如正弦、余弦和*方根。
? String,StringBuffer——封装最常用的字符串操作。
你不必显示导入该包,该 Java 包通常已经导入。
java.awt----包含了构成抽象窗口工具集(abstract window toolkits)的多个类,这些类被用来构建和管理应用程序的图形用户界面(GUI)。
javax.swing----完全 Java 版的图形用户界面(GUI)解决方案,提供了很多完备的组件,可以应对复杂的桌面系统构建。
java.net----包含执行与网络相关的操作的类,如 URL, Socket, ServerSocket 等。
java.io----包含能提供多种输入/输出功能的类。
java.util----包含一些实用工具类,如定义系统特性、使用与日期日历相关的方法。还有重要的集合框架。
2.2:Java 中 如何 表达 包 ——package 语 句
Java 语言使用 package 语句来实现包的定义。package 语句必须作为 Java 源文件的第一条语句, 指明该文件中定义的类所在的包。 若缺省该语句, 则指定为无名包, 其语法格式为:
package pkg1[.pkg2[.pkg3…]]; //“[]”表示可选Java 编译 器 把包对 应 于 文 件系 统 的目 录管 理,因此包也可以嵌套使用,即一个包中可以含有类的定义也可以含有子包,其嵌套层数没有限制。package 语句中,用‘.’来指明包的层次;
Java 语言要求包声明的层次和实际保存类的字节码文件的目录结构存在对应关系, 以便将来使用该类时能通过包名(也就是目录名)查找到所需要的类文件。简单地说就是包的层次结构需要和文件夹的层次对应。
注意:每 个源文 件 只 有一 个 包 的 声 明, 而 且包 名 应 该 全部 小 写 。
具体来说,程序员要做以下工作:
2.3:编译和 生 成 包
如果在程序 Test.java 中已定义了包 p1,就必须将编译生成的字节码文件 Test.class 保存在与包名同名的子目录中,可以选用下述两种方式之一:
采用下述命令编译:
javac Test.java
则编译器会在当前目录下生成 Test.class 文件, 再在适合位置手动创建一个名为 p1 的子目录,将 Test.class 复制到该 p1 目录下。
采用简化的编译命令,就是可以带包编译
javac -d destpath Test.java
现代汉语中文句子基本结构分析
现代汉语的句子结构划分是学好中文的基础。以下是小编为大家收集到的现代汉语中文句子基本结构分析,希望对大家有帮助!
中文句子结构分析:单句
不可再分析出分句的句子。包括:
①主谓句(由主谓短语构成的句子),如今天‖星期五。她‖身份特殊。赵州桥‖[非常]雄伟。(桥的)设计‖[完全]合乎(科学)原理。等等。
②非主谓句(由其他短语或单个词构成的句子),如:呀!好漂亮的彩虹呀!快一点吧!禁止吸烟!去吧。嘿!等等。
③特殊单句,句式特点比较特殊的句子。主要是:
(1.把字句:用“把”(或“将”)将动词支配的对象提到动词之前的一种句型。把字句在结构上有:“把+宾语”作状语。语义上,把字句表示主动。主语是施动者,发出动作,处置某一对象。处置的对象是指定的或已知的事物。如:
A 我们把豹子打死了。
B 你简直把我吓死了。
C 不要把自己做的坏事赖在别人身上。
(2.被字句:用介词“被”组成介宾短语作状语,并且表达被动语义的句子。被字句的典型格式是:主语+被+被的宾语+动词短语。语义上,被动句表被动。主语是还艘动者,接受动作。如:
A 凶手被警察抓住了。
B 小鸟被他们吓跑了。
C 玻璃杯被小王子打碎了。
(3.连动句:用连动短语充当谓语的主谓句,其主要特点是:连用的两个或两个以上的动词或动词短语共同陈述一个主语;动词或动词短语之间有先后、目的、方式或手段关系;两个动词或动词短语之间没有语音停顿,也没有关联词语。如:
A 他上街买书去了。
B 他拿了东西走了。
C 他们正下河游泳呢。
D 小李今天坐电车回家。
(4.兼语句:用兼语短语充当谓语的主谓句。其主要特点有:它的谓语由一个动宾短语和一个主谓短语套接而成;动宾短语中的动词通常是使令性动词。如:“叫、让‘派、使、请、教、劝、命令、禁止、任命、号召、选举”等等。有是还用“有”。如:
A 我请*同志来解释。
B 你让他下午到我办公室来一下。
C 蔚蓝的天宇中正有一群大雁飞过。
附:[兼语句和主谓短语作宾语的区别]:
(1).区分第一动词。兼语句中第一个动词一半是表使令、要求的,它所支配的对象是人;主谓短语做宾语的第一个动词,一般是表感知的(看见、发现、知道等),表心理活动的(想、认为、希望、觉得等),表意见的(主张、证明、表明、说明、标志等),它所支配的对象是一件事(人物连同他的动作行为)。
中文句子结构分析:复句
由两个或两个以上的分句组成的句子。包括:
(1)一重复句,只有两个分句的句子。主要有八种类型:
(1.并列复句,两个或两个以上的分句分别陈述几种事物,或者几种事情,或一种事情的的几个方面,分句之间是*行相对的并列关系。主要关联词语是:既……又……,还,也,同样,不是……而是……,是……不是……,同时,一方面……一方面……,有时……有时……,有的……有的……。如:
①它既不需要谁来施肥,也不需要谁来灌溉。
②我们不是要空话,而是要行动。
③从门到窗子是七步,从窗子到门也是七步。
(2.承接复句,两个或两个以上的分句,一个接着一个的叙述连续发生的动作,或者接连-发生的几件事情。分句之间有先后顺序。常用关联词语有:就,便,才,又,于是,然后,接着,首先(起初)……然后……,从而。如:
①他们俩手拉着手,穿过树林,翻过山坡,回到草房。
②起初他们问我个人的情况,然后又问到有关革命形势的一些问题和镇头市敌驻军的动静。
③吃过了饭,老秦跟小福去场里打谷子。
(3.递进复句,后面分句的意思比前面分句的意思进了一层,分句之间是层进关系。常用的关联词是:不但(不仅、不只、不光)……而且(还,也,又)……,尚且……何况(更不用说,还)……,况且。如:
①这种桥不但形式优美,而且结构坚固。
②桥的设计完全合乎原理,施工技术颈是巧妙绝伦。
③他这样胆小的人尚且不怕,我还怕吗?
(4.选择复句,两个或两个以上的分句,分别说出两件或几件事,并且表示从中选择一件或几件。分句之间就构成选择关系。常用的关联词是:与其……不如……,宁可……也不……,或者……或者……,不是……就是……,要么……要么……,或许……或许……,可能……可能……,也许……也许……。如:
①作为一个有骨气的男儿,与其跪着生,不如站着死。
②我们宁可挨批评,也不能昧着良心去搞假呀!
③武松这一去,或者把老虎打死,或者被老虎吃掉,别无选择。
(5.转折复句,后一分句的意思不是顺着前一个分句的意思说下去,而是作了一个转折,说出同前一分句相反、相对或部分相反的意思来。分句之间构成转折关系。常用的关联词有:虽然(虽、尽管)……但是(但、可是、却、而、还是)……,但是,但,然而,只是,不过,倒,竟然。如:
①他小小年纪,胆量可不小埃
②虽然我一见便知是闰土,但又不是我记忆上的闰土了。
③我们几个苦口婆心地给他讲道理,他竟然一句也没听进去。
(6.假设复句,前一个分句假设存在或出现了某种情况,后一个分句说出假设情况一旦实现产生的结果。两个分句之间是一种假定的条件与结果的关系。常见的关联词语是:如果(假如、倘若、若、要是、要、若要、假若、如若)……就(那么、那、便、那就)……,即使(就是、就算、纵然、哪怕、即便、纵使)……也(还、还是)……,再……也……。如:
①如果老王不能前去,那就让我去吧。
英语句子的基本成分
英语句子基本成分
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英语句子成分练*
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